What Are “Functional Mushrooms”?
“Functional mushrooms” refer to a group of mushrooms that are believed to offer various health benefits beyond basic nutrition. These mushrooms have been used for centuries in traditional medicine, particularly in Asian cultures such as Chinese and Japanese traditional medicine. In recent years, they have gained popularity in the West as
well, and their potential health-promoting properties are being explored through scientific research.
Some commonly recognized functional mushrooms include:
- Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum): Known as the “mushroom of immortality” in traditional Chinese medicine, reishi is believed to have immune-boosting and stress-reducing properties.
- Chaga (Inonotus obliquus): This mushroom is often used to make a tea and isthought to have antioxidant and immune-boosting properties.
- Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus): Lion’s Mane is known for its unique appearance and is believed to support cognitive function. It is often promoted for its potential benefits on brain health and nerve regeneration.
- Cordyceps (Ophiocordyceps sinensis): Cordyceps are fungi that parasitize insects and other arthropods. In traditional medicine, they are thought to enhance energy, stamina, and athletic performance.
- Shiitake (Lentinula edodes): Widely consumed as a culinary mushroom, shiitake is also considered to have potential immune-boosting properties.
- Maitake (Grifola frondosa): Maitake is believed to have immune-modulating effects and is sometimes used as a supplement for overall health.
These mushrooms can be consumed in various forms, including as extracts, powders, capsules, or added to foods and beverages.
What is “Enriched Extracts”?
“Enriched extracts of functional mushrooms” refer to concentrated forms of bioactive compounds extracted from certain mushrooms, often with the goal of maximizing their potential health benefits. These extracts are obtained through various extraction methods, such as hot water extraction, alcohol extraction, or a combination of both. The resulting concentrated extract contains a higher concentration of bioactive compounds compared to the whole mushroom.
The bioactive compounds in functional mushrooms that are often targeted for extraction include:
- Polysaccharides: These complex carbohydrates are a common component of functional mushrooms and are believed to contribute to their immune-boosting properties.
- Beta-glucans: A type of polysaccharide that is known for its immunomodulatory effects. Beta-glucans are thought to help regulate the immune system.
- Triterpenoids: Some mushrooms, such as reishi, contain triterpenoids that are believed to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
- Hericenones and erinacines: These are compounds found in lion’s mane mushrooms and are associated with potential neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects.
The process of creating enriched extracts involves carefully selecting and
preparing the mushrooms, extracting the desired compounds, and concentrating them into a more potent form. These extracts are then often used in the production of dietary supplements, powders, tinctures, or other products designed for consumption.
Specific “Enriched extracts” used in Oncorix’s products:
PSK (Polysaccharide-K)
Is a mushroom extract derived from the Coriolus versicolor mushroom, also known as Turkey Tail
mushroom. PSK is a type of polysaccharide that has been extensively studied for its potential medicinal properties. It is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine and is recognized for its immunomodulatory effects.
Here are some key points about PSK mushroom extract and its medical uses:
- Immunomodulation: One of the primary purposes of using PSK is its ability to modulate the immune system. Studies have suggested that PSK may enhance the activity of certain immune cells, such as T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, which play crucial roles in the body’s defense against infections and cancer.
- Cancer Treatment Support: PSK has been investigated for its potential role in cancer treatment. Some studies have explored its use as an adjuvant therapy alongside conventional cancer treatments like chemotherapy. Research suggests that PSK may help improve the effectiveness of cancer treatments and reduce the risk of recurrence in certain types of cancers,including colorectal cancer.
- Antioxidant Properties: PSK is believed to possess antioxidant properties, which means itmay help neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. Antioxidants play a role in protectingcells from oxidative stress, which is linked to various health issues, including aging and certain diseases.
- Anti-inflammatory Effects: Some studies suggest that PSK may have anti-inflammatory effects, which could contribute to its potential health benefits. Chronic inflammation is associated with various health conditions, including cancer and autoimmune disorders.
It’s important to note that while there is some scientific evidence supporting the potential benefits of PSP mushroom extract, more research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of
action and efficacy. As with any supplement or herbal extract, individuals should consult with
their healthcare provider before using PSP mushroom extract, especially if they have underlying
health conditions or are taking medications.
The use of PSP or any mushroom extract should be approached with caution, and it should not be
considered a replacement for conventional medical treatments. Quality control, dosage, and potential interactions with medications are important factors to consider.
D-Fraction
Is a type of mushroom extract derived from the Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa). The Maitake mushroom has a long history of traditional use in Asian cultures, particularly in Chinese and Japanese traditional medicine, where it has been valued for its potential health benefits.
Here are some key points about PSK mushroom extract and its medical uses:
- Beta-Glucans: D-Fraction is rich in beta-glucans, which are polysaccharides known for their immunomodulatory properties. Beta-glucans are believed to stimulate the immune system, enhancing the activity of immune cells and promoting overall immune function.
- Immunomodulation: The primary focus of D-Fraction is its ability to modulate the immune system. Studies have suggested that D-Fraction may activate macrophages, a type of white blood cell, and other immune cells, potentially improving the body’s ability to defend against infections and certain diseases.
- Antitumor Effects: Some research has explored the potential antitumor effects of D-Fraction. It has been studied for its ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and stimulate the body’snatural defenses against cancer. However, more research is needed to fully understand the extent of its anticancer properties.
- Antioxidant Properties: D-Fraction, like other mushroom extracts, is believed to possess antioxidant properties. Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals in the body, which can contribute to overall health and may play a role in preventing chronic diseases.
- Blood Sugar Regulation: There is some preliminary evidence suggesting that Maitake mushroom extracts, including D-Fraction, may have a role in blood sugar regulation. Research has explored their potential benefits for individuals with diabetes or those at risk of developing diabetes.
It’s important to note that while there is some scientific evidence supporting the potential health
benefits of D-Fraction, more research is needed to establish its efficacy and safety conclusively. As
with any supplement, individuals should consult with their healthcare provider before using
D-Fraction, especially if they have existing health conditions or are taking medications.
Mushroom extracts, including D-Fraction, are often available as dietary supplements. The quality
of the supplement, dosage, and potential interactions with medications should be carefully considered. These supplements are not meant to replace conventional medical treatments, and their use should be discussed with a healthcare professional.
Alcoholic extract vs hot water extracts
Alcoholic extract and hot water extract are two common methods used to extract bioactive compounds from functional mushrooms. Each method has its advantages and may result in different profiles of extracted compounds. Here are the key differences between alcoholic (ethanol) extract and hot water extract of functional mushrooms:
Solubility of Compounds:
- Alcoholic Extract: Ethanol is effective at extracting a broad spectrum of compounds, including both water-soluble and alcohol-soluble compounds. This method may capture a wider range of bioactive components, such as polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and other secondary metabolites that are soluble in alcohol.
- Hot Water Extract: Hot water extraction primarily solubilizes water-soluble compounds, such as beta-glucans and other polysaccharides. It is less effective at extracting certain alcohol-soluble compounds.
Bioactive Compound Profiles:
- Alcoholic Extract: The use of alcohol allows for the extraction of a diverse array of compounds, which can contribute to a more comprehensive profile of bioactive substances. This can be advantageous for capturing a broader range of potential health-promoting properties.
- Hot Water Extract: This method tends to focus on polysaccharides, particularly beta-glucans, which are known for their immune-modulating effects. Hot water extraction may provide a concentrated source of these water-soluble compounds.
Extraction Temperature:
- Alcoholic Extract: Typically involves using ethanol at room temperature or slightly elevated temperatures.
- Hot Water Extract: Involves boiling or simmering the mushroom material to extract water-soluble compounds.
Ease of Production:
- Alcoholic Extract: Some bioactive compounds are better preserved in alcohol, and this method may offer a longer shelf life for the extract.
- Hot Water Extract: This method is relatively simple and is commonly used in traditional medicine practices. However, the resulting extracts may have a shorter shelf life compared to alcohol extracts.
Taste and Palatability:
- Alcoholic Extract: Some people find alcohol extracts to have a strong taste or a higher alcohol content, which may influence palatability.
- Hot Water Extract: Hot water extracts are often more palatable,making them suitable for use in beverages or culinary applications.
Both extraction methods have their merits, and the choice between an alcoholic extract and a hot water extract may depend on the specific compounds of interest, the intended use of the extract, and individual preferences. Additionally, some manufacturers may use a combination of both methods to create a more comprehensive mushroom extract. It’s essential to consider the specific extraction method used when selecting functional mushroom products.